China

In China, business cards are highly important and should be exchanged respectfully. Always hand over and receive cards with both hands, without obscuring the text, and do not immediately put them in your pocket; instead, examine them briefly and then place them in a cardholder. Taking notes on a card or handling it carelessly is considered rude. Business cards are a symbol of face and respect.

The general business greeting is a handshake. A light to moderate handshake is preferred, often accompanied by a brief nod or smile. It's polite to slightly bow your head to elders or those of higher rank. When meeting for the first time, it's common to address people by their last name and title.

Chinese business attire is typically conservative and formal. Men prefer dark suits and ties, while women opt for suits or neat, formal attire. It's especially important to present a clean and tidy impression in formal settings. An impression of trustworthiness is more important than flashiness.

Chinese meetings are characterized by a clear hierarchy, and decision-making tends to occur from the top down. Open debate or opposition is rare, and when expressing opinions, maintaining harmony and 'face' is important. In negotiations, patience and flexibility are crucial; trust-building and relationship cultivation often precede contracts over a long period.

Business meals are important occasions for building 'Guanxi'. It's common to sit at a round table and share dishes. The host often serves food or proposes toasts. Leaving a small amount of food is sometimes considered polite, as finishing everything might imply that there wasn't enough food. Toasts are 'Ganbei (干杯)' and may occur multiple times. Tipping is not customary.

Appropriate topics: Weather, family (positive aspects), hometown, food, travel, culture, compliments about the other party's company or business, etc.
Topics to avoid: Politics (especially sensitive historical issues), human rights, religion, personal income, comments related to Taiwan/Tibet.

In China, business gifts are an important means of strengthening 'Guanxi'. It's good to bring a small gift (local specialty, high-quality tea, liquor, etc.) when visiting. However, avoid certain numbers (like 4) or colors (white, black) that are considered unlucky. Gifts like clocks or sharp objects should also be avoided.

Alcohol is a significant part of 'Guanxi' in Chinese business. Even if you don't drink, it's important to participate and maintain the atmosphere. You can toast with beverages or politely decline due to health reasons. The key is to show your willingness to participate and your sincerity.