France

In France, business cards are exchanged without much ceremony, usually at the beginning or end of a meeting. Present your card clearly. If your card has another language on the back, ensure the French side is facing up if possible. There's no strict ritual for receiving; a simple polite acceptance is sufficient. Titles and academic degrees are respected, so include them if applicable.

A firm handshake is the standard business greeting. Men typically shake hands with men, and often with women. Women may offer a handshake to other women. The 'bise' (kiss on the cheek) is reserved for close friends and family, so do not initiate it in a business context. Always use formal address ('vous') until explicitly invited to use 'tu'.

French business attire is generally smart, sophisticated, and conservative. For men, a well-tailored dark suit, crisp shirt, and tie are standard. Women usually wear elegant suits, dresses, or smart separates. Quality and fit are more important than flashy brands. Avoid overly casual clothing; looking polished is key.

French meetings can be structured, but often involve spirited intellectual debate. Be prepared to defend your positions with logic and evidence. Decisions are often made at the top of the hierarchy, and reaching consensus can take time. Negotiations tend to be thorough and logical, focusing on details. Patience is essential, as immediate agreements are rare.

Business meals are crucial for building relationships. French dining etiquette is formal; use cutlery correctly (fork in left, knife in right). Keep both hands visible on the table (but not elbows). Tipping is usually 5-10% if service isn't included. Punctuality for dinner invitations is expected. Don't start eating until the host says 'Bon appétit'. Discussions often start with lighter topics before moving to business.

Appropriate topics: French culture, history, art, food, wine, current affairs (non-controversial), travel, light hobbies.
Topics to avoid: Personal finances, salaries, politics (unless you know the person very well and understand the nuances), religion, criticizing France or French culture, the French Revolution.

Gifts are not strictly necessary but can be a nice gesture, especially after a successful project or a reciprocal visit. Quality is paramount. A good bottle of wine (if you know their preference), high-quality chocolates, or a book related to your home culture are suitable. Gifts are usually given discreetly and not opened immediately.

While many French business professionals speak English, making an effort to use basic French phrases (greetings, 'thank you', 'please') will be highly appreciated and show respect for their culture. It can significantly help in building rapport, even if most business discussions are in English.