Italy

Business cards are exchanged in Italy, usually at the beginning of a meeting. While not highly ritualized, it's polite to receive a card and briefly look at it before putting it away. Having one side of your card in Italian can be a good touch. Include any academic titles or professional qualifications, as these are respected.

A firm handshake is the common business greeting for both men and women. Italians are generally more tactile, and a friendly pat on the arm or back might occur once a relationship develops, but avoid initiating this yourself. Use formal titles like 'Signor' (Mr.), 'Signora' (Ms./Mrs.), or 'Dottore' (Doctor) with surnames until invited to use first names.

Italian business attire is typically stylish, high-quality, and conservative. Men wear well-tailored suits, often in darker colors, with good quality shirts and ties. Women wear elegant suits, dresses, or separates, often emphasizing quality fabrics and accessories. Presentation is very important; looking impeccable shows respect.

Italian meetings can be lively and passionate. Discussions might seem informal, but decisions are often made by the highest-ranking individual. Be prepared for interruptions, which are not always seen as rude. Personal relationships and trust are crucial to successful negotiations; legal details might come after personal rapport. Patience is key, as decisions can take time.

Business meals are very important for building relationships. Italian dining etiquette is generally formal; keep both hands visible on the table (but not elbows). Don't start eating until the host indicates. Tipping is not obligatory if a 'servizio' (service charge) is on the bill, otherwise 5-10% is polite. Lunch is often lighter, while dinner is a more extended affair. Avoid talking politics or religion.

Appropriate topics: Italian art, history, food, wine, fashion, family (general terms), sports (football/calcio), regional differences in culture.
Topics to avoid: Politics, religion, Mafia, personal finances, criticizing Italian culture or food, comparisons to other countries (especially negative ones).

Gifts are not strictly expected for initial meetings but are appreciated once a relationship is established. High-quality items from your country (e.g., fine wine, gourmet chocolates, a book on your culture) are suitable. Gifts are usually given discreetly at the end of a visit or meeting. Avoid anything too extravagant or overly personal initially.

While many Italian business professionals in larger cities or international companies speak English, making an effort to use basic Italian phrases (greetings, 'please', 'thank you') will be highly appreciated and show respect for their culture. It can help build rapport and demonstrate your commitment.