Russia

Business cards are exchanged in Russia, usually at the beginning of a meeting. It's polite to have one side of your card translated into Russian. Present your card clearly. There's no strict ritual for receiving; simply accept it politely and glance at it. Including academic titles or professional qualifications is respected.

For men, a very firm handshake is the standard business greeting, often accompanied by strong eye contact. Men typically do not shake hands with women in a business context unless the woman initiates it. Women often exchange a light kiss on the cheek among themselves. Use formal address (e.g., Mr./Ms. and surname) until invited to use first names.

Russian business attire is generally formal and conservative. Men wear dark, well-tailored suits, crisp shirts, and ties. Women typically wear elegant suits, dresses, or skirt ensembles, often with minimal jewelry. Appearance is important; looking polished and professional shows respect. Avoid overly casual or flashy clothing.

Russian meetings can be formal and structured. Be prepared for extensive discussions and a focus on details. Decisions are typically made by the top-ranking person, and direct disagreements can be seen as disrespectful in front of subordinates. Negotiations are often tough and lengthy; patience and persistence are key. Be prepared for sudden changes in approach.

Business meals are important for building trust and personal relationships. Russian hospitality often involves many toasts with vodka. It's generally considered rude to refuse a toast. Use cutlery correctly. Tipping is customary, usually around 10%, especially in larger cities. Be prepared for large quantities of food and drink. Business discussions usually occur after the meal or during toasts.

Appropriate topics: Russian culture, literature, art, history (non-political aspects), family (general terms), sports, travel (within Russia).
Topics to avoid: Politics (especially recent events, Crimea, Ukraine), criticizing Russia, personal finances, communism, religion (unless initiated by them), personal health.

Gifts are appreciated and can help build rapport. A good quality gift from your home country (e.g., gourmet food, a fine pen, a book about your culture) is suitable. For men, a good bottle of spirits (whiskey, brandy) is often well-received. Avoid giving gifts that might be perceived as bribes. Gifts are usually given after the business meeting or at a social gathering.

While not strictly mandatory, refusing to participate in vodka toasts can sometimes be seen as a lack of trust or friendship. If you genuinely cannot drink, politely explain (e.g., health reasons) and offer to toast with a non-alcoholic beverage. The key is to show willingness to participate in the spirit of camaraderie.