Spain

Business cards are commonly exchanged in Spain, usually at the beginning or end of a meeting. Present your card clearly. Having one side of your card translated into Spanish is a thoughtful gesture. There's no strict ritual for receiving; simply accept it politely and glance at it. Include any academic titles or professional qualifications, as these are respected.

A firm handshake is the standard business greeting for men. When greeting women, a handshake is also common, but for acquaintances, two kisses on the cheek (one on each, starting with the right) are typical. For women greeting other women, two kisses are common. Always use titles like 'Señor' (Mr.), 'Señora' (Ms./Mrs.), or 'Doctor/a' with surnames until invited to use first names.

Spanish business attire is generally formal and stylish, especially in larger cities. Men wear well-tailored dark suits, crisp shirts, and ties. Women typically opt for elegant suits, dresses, or smart separates. Appearance is important; looking polished and professional shows respect. Avoid overly casual or flashy clothing.

Spanish meetings often begin with small talk. Punctuality is appreciated, but flexibility is common. Discussions can be lively and passionate, with frequent interruptions not seen as rude. Personal relationships are crucial for successful negotiations; trust is built through repeated interactions. Decisions may take longer than expected, requiring patience and multiple follow-ups. Be prepared for discussions to extend into meals.

Business meals are very important for building rapport. Table manners are generally European. Keep both hands visible on the table (but not elbows). Don't start eating until the host begins. Tipping is not as common or expected as in some countries; rounding up the bill or leaving a small amount (5-10%) for good service is sufficient. Lunch is the main meal, often long and relaxed. Dinner is typically later.

Appropriate topics: Spanish culture, history, art, food, wine, football (soccer), family (general terms), regional differences, travel.
Topics to avoid: Politics (especially recent or sensitive historical events), religion, personal finances, criticizing Spain or Spanish culture, bullfighting (unless you know their view).

Gifts are not strictly necessary for initial meetings but are appreciated once a relationship is established. High-quality items from your home country (e.g., gourmet food, a fine pen, a book about your culture) are suitable. Gifts are usually given discreetly at the end of a visit or meeting. Avoid anything too extravagant or overly personal initially.

While the traditional midday 'siesta' break is still common in some smaller towns or specific industries, it's generally fading in major business cities. Business meetings typically occur in the late morning or late afternoon, avoiding the hottest part of the day. Don't expect a long midday break for formal business.