Türkiye

Business cards are exchanged in Türkiye, usually at the beginning of a meeting. Present your card with your right hand (or both hands). It's polite to briefly examine the received card before putting it away. Having one side of your card in Turkish can be a thoughtful gesture. Titles and academic qualifications are respected.

A firm handshake is the standard business greeting for both men and women. Men may sometimes kiss each other on both cheeks if they are close. Women may hug or kiss on the cheek. Always use your right hand for greetings. Use formal address (e.g., Mr./Ms. and surname) until invited to use first names. Eye contact is important.

Turkish business attire is generally conservative and smart. Men wear suits, shirts, and ties. Women wear smart dresses, suits, or smart separates that cover shoulders and knees. While less strict than some Middle Eastern countries, modesty is still valued. Avoid overly casual or revealing clothing.

Turkish meetings often begin with extended small talk and offers of tea/coffee. Punctuality is appreciated but flexibility is common. Personal relationships are crucial for successful negotiations; trust is built over time. Decisions may take longer than expected, as consensus or top-level approval is sought. Be prepared for interruptions, which are not considered rude.

Business meals are important for building rapport. Always use your right hand for eating and passing items. Guests are expected to try a little of everything offered. Do not refuse offers of food or drink too emphatically. Tipping is customary, usually 5-10% in restaurants. Avoid discussing business until after the meal, unless the host initiates it. Be mindful of alcohol consumption, especially in more conservative settings.

Appropriate topics: Turkish history, culture, family (general terms), football, food, travel, positive observations about Türkiye.
Topics to avoid: Politics (especially sensitive historical issues), religion (unless initiated by them), military, Cyprus, personal relationships, criticizing Atatürk.

Gifts are appreciated and can strengthen relationships, especially after a successful meeting or project. High-quality items from your home country (e.g., local crafts, gourmet food, a good book) are suitable. Avoid alcohol or pork products. Gifts are usually given at the end of a visit or meeting, and they may not be opened immediately.

While punctuality is valued, Turkish business meetings often extend beyond their scheduled time due to extensive discussions, hospitality, and a focus on building personal rapport. Be prepared for flexibility and allow ample time between appointments.