Vietnam

Business cards are exchanged in Vietnam, typically at the beginning of a meeting. Present and receive cards with both hands, and take time to read the card carefully. It's polite to keep the card on the table during the meeting. Having one side of your card translated into Vietnamese can be beneficial. Titles and academic qualifications are respected.

A light handshake is the common business greeting. Men typically shake hands with men, and often with women if they extend their hand first. For women greeting other women, a nod or a slight bow is common. Always use both hands for a handshake if possible, especially when greeting a senior. Use formal address (Mr./Ms. and full name or title) until invited to use first names. Bowing is also a respectful gesture, especially to elders.

Vietnamese business attire is generally conservative and formal. Men wear suits, shirts, and ties, even in hot weather. Women wear smart dresses, suits, or traditional áo dài (if appropriate for the occasion). Modesty is key; avoid revealing clothing. Neatness and cleanliness are highly valued.

Vietnamese meetings often begin with small talk and tea. Punctuality is appreciated, but flexibility is common. Building 'quan he' (relationships) is paramount; decisions are often made after trust is established. Negotiations can be slow and indirect, requiring significant patience. Be prepared for multiple meetings and a focus on long-term relationships over quick deals.

Business meals are crucial for building relationships. Guests are often seated at the head of the table. Use chopsticks correctly; do not stick them upright in rice. Be prepared for many toasts, especially with beer or rice wine. It's polite to taste all dishes offered. Tipping is not traditional but appreciated in tourist areas (5-10%). Avoid discussing business until after the meal, unless the host initiates it.

Appropriate topics: Family (general, not too personal), Vietnamese culture, history (ancient, not recent conflicts), food, travel, positive observations about Vietnam.
Topics to avoid: Politics, the Vietnam War, criticizing Vietnam, personal income, religion, public displays of affection.

Gifts are appreciated and help build 'quan he'. High-quality items from your home country (e.g., gourmet chocolates, local crafts, spirits) are suitable. Present gifts with both hands. Avoid giving sharp objects (scissors, knives) as they symbolize cutting a relationship. Avoid black wrapping paper (associated with funerals).

Drinking alcohol, especially beer or rice wine, is a common part of business social gatherings and helps in bonding. While you don't have to get drunk, politely participating in toasts will be appreciated. If you cannot drink, you can politely explain (e.g., health reasons) and toast with a non-alcoholic beverage.